More Important Tips In The Event Of a National Calamity

The city of Frederick in Maryland is a great place to live in. Ask its residents. It’s a peaceful place with a rich history and a vibrant culture. However, it’s had its share of calamities, with hail storms and flooding hitting the county recently.

Here are some tips for homeowners in the area, just in case they are confronted with natural disasters.

Bolting down

Bolting down the roofs, fortifying windows, and any points of entry can protect the home against hail. Installing secondary wooden covers for windows allows homeowners to cover glass windows and prevent them from shattering.

However, homeowners can go that extra mile and bolt down features inside the house, such as heavy pieces of furniture and refrigerators. That way, they can also be safe in case an earthquake hits. Just be sure that the bolts can easily be taken out if these fixtures need to be moved, in case of flooding.

 Speaking of flooding.

Switching off

For people living in low-lying places vulnerable to flooding, it’s important that homeowners have easy access to their circuit breakers if they need to shut it down. Almost always, in homes that get flooded, electricity is the first concern. Once the power is off, homeowners can take care of the rest of the things, such as moving appliances and furniture to the second floor.

Captain Martin Lloyd Sanders, Ph.D., is an officer in the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service and has rendered over 10 years of service in occupational safety and health. For more articles like this, check out this page.

Three Ways To Have Clean Water After a Natural Disaster

Natural disasters can usually lead to food and water shortage. Tap water sources can also be contaminated, especially after storms and flash floods. Here are some ways to get clean water when there's no available supply:

1. Boiling

Boiling is probably the easiest and most common method to have clean and safe water for consumption. Find a heating source and a suitable container for boiling. Wait for a few minutes until the water comes to a rolling boil. For good measure, the Red Cross and FEMA suggest boiling the water for one more minute to kill bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

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2. Iodine

This solution can be found in most first aid kits. A common disinfectant for wounds, this can also be used to treat contaminated water. For each quart of water, use five drops of iodine. However, use up to ten drops if the water is noticeably dark. After treating the water with iodine, wait up to an hour before consuming.

3. Unscented bleach

This is another common household cleaning solution that can be used to purify water during emergency situations. To treat contaminated water, use 5% unscented bleach and add 1/8 of a teaspoon for a gallon of water. Shake the container and wait for an hour before drinking. If the water is still dark after the treatment, use filters before drinking.

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Water is essential for a person's survival. Knowing these water purification methods can save lives especially in emergency situations.

Captain Martin Lloyd Sanders is an expert in biological safety, field medical operations, biosecurity, occupational safety and health, infectious disease epidemiology, environmental health services, and occupational health and wellness programs. Visit this page for more updates on his field of work and study.

Cdc Threat Levels For Antibiotic And Antimicrobial Resistant Threats

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention or CDC determined three threat levels for the outbreak of antibiotic and antimicrobial resistant diseases. As their names suggest, these diseases have the ability to resist the effects of drugs and evolve new strains that are resilient to current drugs. The following are the threat levels:

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The lowest threat level is dubbed “concerning,” which has a threat score of 3/5. This threat level is for bacteria with low antibiotic resistance. The bacteria also have multiple therapeutic options for resistant infections. Nevertheless, these pathogens can cause severe illness and thus require monitoring and rapid incident response.

The next level is labeled “serious,” with a score of 4/5. These threats have reasonable availability of therapeutic agents or several other reasons which make them considerably worse than concerning. These are diseases that can only worsen and need ongoing public health monitoring, and evoke preventive measures.

The highest threat level is “urgent,” with a score of 5/5. Urgent threats are high-consequence antibiotic resistant threats due to risks identified by the CDC across several criteria. This disease may not be widespread but have the potential of infecting a lot of people in a given area. This threat requires public health attention to identify infections and to limit transmission.

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Captain Martin Lloyd Sanders, Ph.D., formally held the position of Director for Safety, Environmental Compliance and Emergency Management in Federal Occupational Health (FOH/PSC). He is a multi-awarded scientist and US Army veteran who has been deeply involved in biosafety and biosecurity issues both here and abroad. To know more about the CDC and its procedures, visit this website.

A look at real-time disaster response

Catastrophes and calamities can strike anytime, anywhere. It’s best to be prepared and to know what to do should the time come. Disaster and crisis response is an essential skill that people everywhere are urged to train for.

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Below are some of the things that help a person prepare for a disaster.

Know the disaster.

Not all disasters are the same. What should be done during a flood is different from actions taken when there’s a raging forest fire. Knowledge of what to do when a particular disaster hits is important.

Learn evacuation routes and shelter locations.

A lot of times, people don’t know where to go and are left stranded waiting for rescuers. Knowing the routes out of the danger zone and shelter locations may just save lives.

Know how to reconnect with people close to you.

People should always have emergency contact information of relatives and close friends so that if anyone needs aid, the message can be relayed.

Have a plan if you’re away from home.

There are times when disaster strikes and people are either at work or running errands. Have a mobile phone and know what to do when the unthinkable occurs. Have meeting places should there be a need to have them.

Have a survival kit.

Having a survival bag with all the necessary items will be priceless when the time comes.

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Martin Lloyd Sanders has over 12 years of service in the occupational safety and health sector. He also has experience in risk and disaster preparedness. Learn more about his work here.

Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern

Almost every year, the biggest story in the world of infectious diseases is likely to be the one most unanticipated by experts. This is true with the outbreak of Ebola, Zika, or SARS in recent years. But a persistent annual issue is antibiotics resistance.

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While influenza and opioids are among the top headline-makers of 2017 and early this year, it’s the progressive occurrence of antibiotic infections with multi-resistance that’s challenging many doctors globally. Finding effective treatment is a global imperative, exemplified in the rise of multi-drug resistant gonorrhea just last year. Research of two-thirds of cases in as many as 77 countries showed a lowered sensitivity of gonorrhea to the antibiotic spectrum. In short, it’s getting much harder to cure the disease.

The U.S. FDA is helping with online awareness campaigns designed to assist doctors in managing their prescriptions of antibiotics. But compounding the problem is the issue of supply, with national shortages of antibiotics rampant in many countries. Aside from the antibiotics themselves, the saline required to infuse them is growing scarce.

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If antibiotics resistance is not given more intent attention, and a more collective effort among physicians worldwide, it may lead to more serious infections in the near future. Doctors can start addressing the problem by considering older, less expensive treatments before prescribing more powerful medications that fast-track resistance.

Captain Martin Lloyd Sanders, Ph.D., obtained his degree in zoology at the University of California and his doctorate from the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health. Visit this Facebook page for similar updates.

The Top Infectious Disease Stories Of 2017

While many infectious diseases have already been contained in recent decades, they are still a major concern in the modern age.  Below are the main headlines related to infectious diseases this past year.

One is the outbreak of measles in Europe that started in late 2016 and persisted throughout 2017.  While measles is easily one of the most vaccine-preventable diseases today, many still get infected.  The most affected areas were Romania, Germany, and Italy, with some 14,000 reported cases.

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Significant attention has been given to Lyme disease, the world’s most common vector-borne disease. This was manifested by the first-ever meeting of the Tick-Borne Disease Working Group, and the granting of FDA Fast Track designation to Valneva’s Lyme disease vaccine. 

Another headline-maker is the issue surrounding Dengvaxia.  Many countries have approved this supposed milestone dengue vaccine since its first use in Mexico, with the Philippines rolling out the use of the vaccine for some 730,000 children.  But last November saw the announcement from Sanofi Pasteur that there is an increased risk of severe dengue and hospitalization a few years after vaccination.  This is true among people in all age groups who had not been exposed to the dengue virus prior to vaccination.

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On a positive note, polio and the Guinea worm diseases are now close to getting completely eradicated.   Just like smallpox, which was eliminated in the late ‘70s, polio cases have decreased by over 99 percent since 1988.  As for Guinea worm, the estimated 3.5 million cases of the disease in Africa and Asia have decreased by more than 99.99 percent.  The great news here is that the eradication is not based on vaccines per se, but mainly through community-based interventions to educate and change people’s behavior on water sanitation.

Captain Martin Lloyd Sanders, Ph.D., has more than 12 years of service in the occupational safety and health sector. He possesses extensive experience in biological defense activities and infectious disease outbreak investigation. For related reads, click here.

Every Little Detail Could Be a Workplace Hazard

Apart from the obvious ones, workplace hazards are not always chemical agents or poisonous substances. Any object or circumstance could constitute a workplace hazard, as long as it poses a danger to workers in the vicinity.

Employers are required by law to ensure that the workplace is free from hazards. This is enshrined in the Occupational Safety Health Act’s General Duty Clause. Its most urgent injunction is the identification of serious hazards, such as those that can cause death or serious harm.

The following categories of hazards demand identification:

1.Safety hazards: These objects, conditions, or substances are likely to cause injury to workers. They could be anything that could cause slips, falls, and injury from the weight of an object. Common examples are spills; even pencils on the floor could be hazards. Heights, machinery with moving parts, and exposed electrical cords also fall under this category.

2.Biological hazards: Anything issuing from organic matter and living things can be considered a biological hazard. These hazards are common in workplaces such as farms, slaughterhouses, hospitals, or any other venue where animals and infectious materials could be present. Common examples are blood, fungi, mold, animal and human fecal matter, and other microorganisms.

3.Physical hazards: These hazards cause injury and disease and are usually associated with extreme conditions. Examples are radiation, extreme temperatures in the workplace, overexposure to the elements such as sunlight, and even outdoor pollution.

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4.Ergonomic hazards: These are hazards specifically threatening to harm the musculoskeletal system of the workers. These are also associated with workplace conditions and operations. Examples are repetitive movements and poorly designed workstations.

Martin Lloyd Sanders, Ph.D., is an officer in the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service. He obtained his degree in zoology from the University of California, Davis in 1990 and obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1997. Learn more about Captain Martin Sanders by visiting this page.